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Electric actuator*

Summary: Principle, force and speed, versions with integrated controller, advantages/limitations vs hydraulic, 48–51.2 V integration, maintenance and safety in agricultural environments.

1) Principle and components

  • An electric actuator (linear actuator) converts the rotary motion of the motor into linear motion via a screw/nut (often trapezoidal or ball screw) and a transmission (gear reducer).
  • Rod (piston) that extends/retracts; limit switches and sometimes a position encoder.
  • Option: integrated controller (power supply + CAN/PWM/IO control), simplifying wiring.

Practical advantages: position accuracy, cleanliness (no fluid), reduced maintenance, easy control from a 48–51.2 V controller. Limitations: instantaneous power and speed limited by size; caution with axial load and lateral forces.

2) Force, speed and kinematic choice

  • Useful force (static) ≈ Motor torque × Reduction ratio × Efficiency / screw pitch.
  • Speed ≈ (motor speed / Ratio) × screw pitch.
  • Compromise: more force → lower speed (and vice versa), with efficiency depending on friction (ball screw more efficient than trapezoidal but more expensive).

Field reminders:

  • Allow a margin on the load (×1.3 to ×1.5) for starts, friction, and tolerances.
  • Check duty cycle and continuous use time to avoid overheating.
  • Protect the rod (bellows, IP) against dust/mud; avoid lateral forces (provide guidance).

3) Actuator with integrated controller

  • Typical power supply: 24 V or 48–51.2 V; interfaces: CAN, PWM, digital inputs.
  • Advantages: fewer enclosures, simplified diagnostics (codes, currents, temperature), internal functions (ramp, current limit, target position).

4) Electric vs hydraulic — synthetic comparison

  • Compactness: electric often more compact at low/medium power; hydraulic very compact for very high forces.
  • Instantaneous power/force: advantage to hydraulics (high torque/force at very low speed without reducer, very high forces possible).
  • Integration: electric = simple wiring (power + signal) and cleanliness; hydraulic = network of hoses + central unit.
  • Control: electric = fine control (position/speed/force via current), easy telemetry feedback (robotisation); hydraulic = control via distributors/servo, force measurement via pressure.
  • Costs: electric economical in use and maintenance; hydraulic competitive for very high power.
  • Energy dependence: electric → battery/charger; hydraulic → thermal/electric group + central unit.

5) 48–51.2 V integration in agricultural environment

  • Power supply: from a 48–51.2 V LFP/NMC pack; provide DC fuse and isolator.
  • Control: via dedicated controller or actuator with integrated controller (CAN/PWM/IO).
  • Mechanics: sized clevises and joints; avoid buckling; guides to limit transverse forces. Dampen shocks.
  • IP/sealing: choose an appropriate rating (rain/mud/cleaning); protect connectors.
  • Wiring: reduced length, suitable sections, compliant bending radii; torque settings respected.

6) Maintenance, safety and diagnostics

Maintenance:

  • Periodic inspection: fastenings, cables, connectors, bellows and sealing.
  • Lubrication as recommended. Dry cleaning.
  • Recheck torques after commissioning and regularly (vibrations).

Safety:

  • Emergency stop and power cut-off accessible.
  • Crush protection: interlocks, mechanical stops, restricted areas.
  • SELV ≤ 60 V but significant energy: avoid short circuits; PPE during interventions.

Diagnostics:

  • Measure pack voltage and current under load (DC clamp); record temperature.
  • For versions with controller: read fault codes, position, current, temperature.
  • Common anomalies: jerky movement (guidance, lubrication), overconsumption (friction), thermal cut-off (duty too high), mechanical play.

Quick checklist

  • Force/speed validated with margin; acceptable duty cycle
  • Mechanical guidance and stops; power-off brake if required
  • DC protections, cable sections and torques compliant
  • IP/sealing and planned maintenance (lubrication, checks)


For more information: 

*: The technical information presented in this article is provided for guidance only. It does not replace the official manuals of the manufacturers. Before any installation, handling or use, please consult the product documentation and follow the safety instructions. The site Torque.works cannot be held responsible for inappropriate use or incorrect interpretation of the information provided.